• history of patient including medical conditions, medications and supplements, and visual complaints
• preliminary testing
  • visual acuity with or without correction, muscle balance, color vision, eye pressure
  • peripheral vision, pupil reaction, ocular motility
  • autorefraction and autokeratometric readings taken with handheld device
• biomicroscopic evaluation
  • lids/lashes, conjunctiva, tear film, cornea, iris, angle size, anterior chamber, lens, vitreous
• retinal exam
  • optic nerve, cup size, vasculature, macula, nerve fiber layer

A computer is used to operate the vision chart which is capable of testing by letters, numbers and pictures randomly presented and can perform additional tests if necessary.

When a patient elects to have a digital retinal photo taken of both eyes the images are shown to the patient and are explained in detail. Patients may be emailed their own retinal images if they desire.

A retinal image is shown here to identify the features found in the digital photos taken in our office.

Another instrument that may be used is called a topographer. A detailed corneal surface analysis with the topographer helps identify unseen conditions by the biomicroscopes alone. This instrument is also used to design specialty contacts in either soft or gas perm materials. An example of a "topo map" is here.

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